Why Did Britain Vote to Leave the EU?

Why Did Britain Vote to Leave the EU? Introduction On the 23rd June 2016, in a nationwide referendum, British voters were asked the question: Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union? After a bitterly fought election campaign, the electorates of Great Britain chose to leave the European Union (EU).. The ballot was extremely close, with 51.9% of the electoral population voting to leave and 48.1% wanting to remain. At 72%, turnout was higher than for any UK-wide vote since the 1992 General Election. The promise of a referendum was first announced by Prime Minister David Cameron on 23rd January 2013. He vowed that if the Conservative Party was elected to power in the General Election of 2015, they would hold a national referendum on the UK’s membership in the EU. After the election was successfully won, the new Conservative Government introduced the European Union Referendum Bill 2015-16. This ensured that the referendum must be held before the end of 2017.In February 2016, regulations set the official date. The referendum campaign was split into two groups. Firstly, there was Britain Stronger in Europe, aiming to persuade the nation that Britain will be stronger and far more successful as an active member of the European Union. On the other hand, there was Vote Leave, led by Gisela Stuart and Michael Gove. This campaign group successfully encouraged 51.9% of the British electorate to vote out, meaning Britain would withdraw its membership with the European Union. The Chief Counting Officer, Jenny Watson, who is the Chair of the Electoral Commission, declared the national result from the national referendum count event held in Manchester on Friday 24 June at 07:51 (Uberoi, 2016, p4). This result triggered ‘Brexit’. This term became the famous tagline of the referendum result and is an abbreviation of ‘British exit’ out of the European Union. Through researching the referendum’s result, there was limited analytic material on why 51.9% of the British electorate decided to vote to leave the EU. The majority of the literature focused on the consequences of Brexit and the immediate impact it had on Britain. Hence, this triggered interest regarding the question why did Britain decide to support Vote Leave. The purpose of my study is to analyse why the referendum on the 23rd June 2016, resulted in a decision for Britain to leave the European Union. The analysis will be split into three fundamental chapters. Firstly, who voted for Brexit, examining the social and geographical aspects of voting to leave. Secondly, examining what the main reasons were for wanting the UK to withdraw from the European Union, including motives such as controlling immigration and regaining national identity. Lastly, exploring why Vote Leave won. This involves analysing the effects of electoral turnout and other factors such as, the support of the national press and the actions of the campaigns figurehead politicians. The objective of this research is to come to an assertive conclusion on what the most important reasons were 51.9% of the electorate that voted on the 23rd June 2016 wanted to leave the European and factors that contributed to why Vote Leave won. Reliable research needs to be developed to analyse why 51.9% of voters wanted to leave the EU, and only then can it be understood what people want from the result. Literature Review Recognising why Britain decided to vote to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum is important because it is essential to understand what changes in politics the British electorate want. It is imperative to analyse who voted to leave the EU and reasons behind this choice. As soon as the referendum results were announced, masses of data was evaluated showing how the electorate voted, significantly regarding geographical areas and social class. This included polls from sources such as Lord Ashcroft, which was used by many of the national newspapers. Other sources such as YouGov, further support this data by getting similar results in polls they also ran. However, there is a gap in the theoretical data, as there is limited material questioning the empirical reasons why the British electorate voted leave and why the Vote Leave campaign won. Furthermore, the information being produced regarding the referendum quickly moved onto the consequences of voting to leave the European Union. Thus, why it is important research is developed regarding why the 2016 Referendum resulted in a vote for Britain leaving the European Union, as the current observations are limited. As it is an extremely current topic, thorough analysis is still being developed, therefore the limitations in the research are understood.      Who voted for Brexit In order to analyse the reasons why 51.9% of the British voting population wanted to leave the European Union, it is important to recognise who exactly voted this way in June 2016. Within hours of the result being confirmed, there was significant amounts of data being produced regarding how the public voted. Most this information was made public through newspaper articles. The Daily Mail and The Guardian, both produced articles showing the full results of analysis of the EU referendum results. This allowed the reader to see how each constituency voted and then further breaks down the data into significant topics such as age, education and annual income. The resemblances between the two newspapers analysis indicates that the examination of the data must be based on fact and the papers different political bias is not reflected within the analysis, therefore demonstrating the sources credible. Most of the national press gained their EU referendum results data from YouGov or Lord Ashcroft’s Poll. YouGov is an internet-based market research firm and their methodology involves obtaining responses from an invited group of internet users, and then weighting these responses in line with demographic information. This organisation similarly splits its analysis of the EU results into socio-economic groups, however the go further by also including factors such as ‘political attention’. YouGov has claimed that its opinion polls are most precise when compared to its opponents and that its online approach is more accurate than traditional polling methods (YouGov, n.d.). However, not every member of the voting population has access to the internet and internet polls could be argued as mainly aimed at the younger generation. Therefore, it is claimed online samples cannot accurately reflect the views of the population. On the other hand, Lord Ashcroft Poll conducted a survey, online and by telephone, after voters can casted their vote (Ashcroft, 2016). The additional method of telephone surveying adds reliability to the results. This is because most people have access to a telephone, increasing representativeness. Furthermore, as the results were collected on the same day people had voted, their opinions and thoughts about the referendum were still fresh. Thus, concluding Lord Ashcroft’s poll as more credible. Overall, the literature regarding who voted for Brexit, significantly shows a trend concerning which socio-economic groups are thought to be the most important to analyse. This includes age, levels of education and annual income. On the other hand, the literature didn’t indicate the significance of other social groups, for example different types of trade and ethnicity. Hence why my analysis will look further into these different issues.   Reasons for Voting to Leave It is important to understand why 51.9% of the British voting population voted to leave the European Union on the 23rd June 2016. Lord Ashcroft poll’s state that the three most important reasons for people choosing Vote Leave were;   The principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK.Voting to the leave offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders.Remaining meant little or no choice about how the EU expanded its membership or powers. These three reasons were also the top three reasons for Conservative and Labour voters, showing that the explanations are not completely politically swayed (Ashcroft, 2016). Consequentially, it is clear that Lord Ashcroft concludes the main argument for voting to leave was the want to regain control over choices that impacted Great Britain. This is also reflected in Clarke, Goodwin and Whiteley’s research paper ‘Why Britain Voted for Brexit’. National identity and sovereignty is key in their research to find out why Britain voted to leave. However, their research is extremely strengthened by their used of models and equations to further prove the impact of factors such as ‘explanatory powers’ and ‘predictor variables’ (Clarke, Goodwin and Whiteley, 2016, p16). The combined use of polling and mathematical models, reinforces the credibility of their results.   National newspapers are argued to be the most significant source of information that influenced people’s vote. The Sun and the Daily Mail were dominant Vote Leave supporters, stating immigration and taking back control of the United Kingdom as their most important reasons for why Britain should leave the European Union. This could have significantly influenced certain socio-economic groups vote, considerably less academic people, who are the tabloid newspapers majority readers. However, the bias nature of national newspapers, decreases their credibility. The political opinions expressed by these newspapers regarding why Britain voted to leave the European Union are not totally reliable, due to their expressed support of the Leave Campaign. This is where a gap is research is demonstrated. It has proven difficult to find previous credible research to why specific groups, such as older people and low income households, decided to vote to leave the European Union.   Why did Vote Leave Win? Certain literature does recognise the importance of factors allowing Vote Leave to win, such as the impact of voter turnout. There has been substantial debate regarding the relationship between turnout and age. The House of Commons EU Referendum Briefing paper argues that ‘there was no significant relationship between higher turnout levels and higher levels of support for leave’ (Uberoi, 2016, p26). However, The Telegraph recognise that there was an important trend between age and voter turnout (Kirk and Dunford, 2016). Older voters had a high percentage turnout, compared to young voters. As strong Vote Leave supporters, the high turnout level for the over sixty-fives is argued to have given Brexit a greater chance to win. Furthermore, as a result of poor turnout levels from young people, who were strong Remain supports, this is argued to have reduced the Remain campaign’s chance at winning. Therefore, denouncing The House of Commons EU Referendum Briefing paper argument that the trend between age and turnout was weak. Conclusions Due to the lack of research, analysing which are the most important factors that resulted in a vote for Britain to leave the European Union, it is important further studies are developed. Furthermore, due to much of the accessible materials being newspaper articles, the credibility of the information available is weak. This is due to the significant political biasness of the national press. Substantial amounts of data about who voted for Brexit was released in under 24 hours of the result being confirmed. However, research regarding what reasons voters had for voting to leave and why the Leave campaign won, has been proven hard to find. Moreover, as the issue of ‘why the result of the 2016 referendum resulted in a vote for Britain to leave the European Union’ is still recent, it is important to recognise that data is still being analysed.   Who voted for Brexit? It is important to firstly outline who in the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. Throughout the campaign, it was clear that particular social groups would be strong Vote Leave supporters, such as older citizens and people who work in certain trades such as the fishing industry. However, as the results came in on the night of 23 June 2016, votes to leave had higher shares than expected. This chapter will give a focused quantitative analysis regarding who voted to leave the European Union in June 2016. The study will focus on core demographics such as age, gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, it is important to look at how education and party allegiance impacted on people’s decision to vote the leave the EU. A breakdown of how the regions within the United Kingdom will also be conducted, analysing if geographical differences presented a relationship with voters’ decisions.   A later chapter will build on the following considerations, examining why people voted in this manner. Regions The United Kingdom became a divided nation when the results began to come in on the night of 23 June 2016. The earliest returns, from Newcastle and Sunderland, showed higher shares for leave than had been anticipated. The trend persisted – Scotland, Northern Ireland and London were the only three regions in which a majority voted to remain – and by four oclock in the morning the broadcasters were ready to announce that the country had voted for Brexit (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p166). The vote to Remain in Scotland was considerably higher than anywhere else, at 62% of the vote. However, in England and Wales the vote to Leave won, with England having the highest percentage of support for the Vote Leave campaign, but still very narrow at 53.2%. Nine out of the twelve regions of the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. The large Brexit votes in the North of England were the first signals of what was to come in the referendum. In the North East, 58% of voters supported leaving the EU. According to the Daily Telegraph, more than one in three people along the coast north of Hartlepool regard themselves in the DE social-class in the last census. This can be seen a sign of Leave’s Victory of successfully appealing to working-class voters (Coles, Kirk and Krol, 2016). The most Eurosceptic part of the United Kingdom was the West Midlands, totalling the highest percentage vote to leave, at 59.2%. UKIP did not gain a significant foothold in the General Election, so Vote Leave might have been surprised that the electorate of the West Midlands strongly voted out of the EU. The only region in England to vote Remain was London. The cosmopolitan city had polled as the most Europhilic part of England before the referendum. Furthermore, it is home to the financial City of London, whose businesses and banks had mainly backed the professed stability of voting to remain. Thus, the result of 59.9% of the London electorate voting to stay in the European Union was expected. However, this result left the Capital city surrounded by pro-Brexit regional neighbours (Coles, Kirk and Krol, 2016) Percentage of Votes to Leave (Swales, 2016, p9) Age A strong Vote Leave supporter from the beginning of the campaign was voters over the age of 65. According to statistics 60% of over 65 year olds voted to leave the European Union. This is closely followed by over 56% of 45 to 64 year olds also coming to the decision the United Kingdom is better out of the EU (Ashcroft, 2016). The Daily Telegraph provides further analysis showing that the East coast areas that scored the highest anti-EU  votes were also the areas with the highest pensioner populace. Just two of the top 30 areas for over 65s voted to Remain South Lakeland in the North West and South Hams in the South West (Boult, 2016). This is supported by Ashcroft and Culwick’s findings, showing that â€Å"more than half of those on a private pension voted to leave, as did two thirds of those retired with only a state pension† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p167). By contrast, the younger generations of Britain have a contrasting view. Statistics show that 73% of 18 to 24 year olds voted to remain (Ashcroft, 2016). The Sun newspaper called this divide â€Å"The Generation Gap†, analysing how age significantly showed a trend in how different people voted in the referendum. The age divide is shown clearly by Ashcroft and Culwick’s discovery that â€Å"most of those with children aged ten or under voted to remain; most of those whose children were aged eleven or older voted to leave† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p167). This illustrates how there was a clear correlation between the age of voters and their decision to vote ‘Remain’ or ‘Leave’ in the 2016 Referendum. It is evident that the older the voter is, the more likely they would have voted to leave the European Union, even though some of them won’t live long enough to experience the consequences. Education Recent findings show that people with fewer qualifications and lower standards of education, were more likely to have voted to leave the European Union. The tables in the European Union Referendum Briefing paper clearly show that there is obvious correlation between the number of non-graduates and the percentage of people who voted to leave. The opposite is reciprocated on the graph regarding graduates, showing strong correspondence between holding a degree and voting to remain (Uberoi, 2016, p21). This evidence is parallel with Lord Ashcroft’s findings, stating â€Å"a majority (57%) of those with a university degree voted to remain, as did 64% of those with a higher degree†¦Among those whose formal education ended at secondary school or earlier, a large majority voted to leave† (Ashcroft, 2016). Therefore, it is evident that voters with fewer qualifications voted to enforce Brexit. (Uberoi, 2016, p21) Social Class (Uberoi, 2016, p22). The clear relationship between level of education and voting to leave the European Union is very closely linked to the similar correlation regarding social classes and level of income. â€Å"Professionals and managers (often described as the ‘ABs’) were the only social group among which a majority (57%) voted to remain†, stated Ashcroft and Culwick. However, â€Å"nearly two thirds of skilled manual workers (‘C2s’), and of unskilled manual workers and those dependent on state benefits, voted for Brexit† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p168). In contrast to this, the Commons Library Briefing Paper argues there is little correlation between socio-economic indicators and the proportion of people voting to leave. There is an arguably weaker relationship between the median weekly earning in local authorities and the amount of people voting to leave. Furthermore, there is no obvious correlation between the rank of a local authority in terms of deprivation and vote shares to leave. (Uberoi, 2016, p22). Therefore, this suggests that votes for Leave and Remain are not as strongly related to social class as initially thought. However, considering various information, it is evident that there is a correlation between social class and people’s opinions regarding the EU referendum. Thus, voters in lower social classes were more likely to have voted to leave the European Union. Industries Certain trades, such as the fishing industry, were huge supporters of the Vote Leave campaign. When the United Kingdom joined what became the European Union, fishermen’s quotas and rights were cut dramatically, causing a steady decline of the industry’s previous success. Many of the current quotas give large shares of catches to other fishermen within the EU. Thus, when the opportunity came to have an impact on the UK’s decision on its EU membership, fishermen became a key touchstone for Brexit. It is argued that they voted Leave to give the industry a chance to regain control. However, there is some argument over whether it will be as beneficial for fishermen as the leave campaign promised. Because pursuing Article 50 could take years, the UK is still a member of the EU. Furthermore, if new arrangements are negotiated after Brexit, they may not be necessarily more generous as the fishing industry will still be tied to international agreements. However, due to the attractive opportunity arising to regain control, the fishing industry was a strong supporter of leaving the EU. Furthermore, many post industrial areas of the UK, that receive a lot of EU funding, had a greater support for Brexit than initially expected. For example, the Valleys in South Wales are historically industrial and strong Labour supporters, so it was assumed they were secure remain enthusiasts. Thus, it came as a shock when these strongholds voted in favour of Brexit, with areas such as Neath Port Talbot and Caerphilly voting to leave by over 56%. Therefore, it is evident that industrial areas weren’t as supportive of the EU as originally thought. Ethnicity Lord Ashcroft’s poll conducted on the day of the referendum found significant correlation between a vote to Leave the European Union and a voter’s ethnicity and religion. It is argued that 53% of White voters supported the decision to withdraw the United Kingdom’s membership with the EU. This was the only ethnicity group to have a majority backing for the Vote Leave campaign. Other ethnicities such as, Mixed, Asian or Black, their amount of votes to Leave did not go higher than 33% (Ashcroft, 2016). This shows that people with White ethnicity were more likely to have voted for Brexit, but only by a narrow majority. Furthermore, it can be argued that there is a relationship between ethnicity and national identity. People from ethnic minorities are more likely to identify as ‘British only’, while white respondents are more likely to identify as ‘English only’ according to the 2011 Census. The tables from the Electoral Commission show that English local authorities with higher proportions of people who gave their national identity as ‘British only’ in the 2011 Census were more likely to record lower vote shares for Leave. (Uberoi, 2016) English local authorities with higher proportions of people who classified their national identity as ‘English only’ were more likely to record higher vote shares for Leave (Uberoi, 2016). This tells us that white voters were more likely to have voted for Brexit, and it could be explained due to their views regarding national identity. Regarding religion, support for Brexit is more mixed. Christians were found to have the highest percentage vote to leave the European Union, with the greatest majority at 58%. This is followed by 54% of the Jewish electorate and 52% of Sikh’s also voting for the decision to leave. This was in stark contrast to other religions, such as Muslim or Hindu, whose support to leave did not go above 30% (Ashcroft, 2016). Party Allegiance It is important to analyse who voted for Brexit through the perspective of party allegiance. Many political parties were divided over the question, â€Å"Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?†, with UKIP being one of the only significant parties providing a united front on the issue. For example, 58% of those who voted Conservative in the 2015 General Election voted to leave the EU. While 63% of the Opposition Party Labour supporters voted to remain in the EU, as did seven out of ten Liberal Democrats and 75% of Green voters. Conservative voters constituted just over three out of every ten Remain supporters, and four in ten leavers. Labour voters made up four in every ten Remain supporters, and two in ten leavers. Scottish National Party voters backed the Remain campaign by nearly two to one, with 64% voting for the United Kingdom to remain within the EU (Ashcroft, 2016). Ashcroft and Culwick analyse this result further stating, â€Å"since Scotland’s First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, would use Scotland’s support for EU membership as the basis to seek a second referendum on Scottish independence, nearly half (44%) of Scottish support for Brexit came from her own SNP supporters† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p169).   UKIP was the only party with a significant majority, with 96% of people who voted for them in the 2015 General Election voting to leave the European Union. Therefore, regarding party allegiance, the picture was quite mixed. However, Conservative supporters were more likely to vote to leave and without a need for explanation, UKIP enthusiasts were solid supporters of Brexit. Was there a Vote Leave Stereotype? Throughout the referendum campaign, it could be argued that there was a stereotype created regarding the type of person that would have voted to leave the European Union. Whilst there was no gender gap, the issue divides the population according to age, political learnings and education as the key deciding issues. A significant event that portrayed the use of stereotypes during the referendum was the publication of the Operation Black Vote poster. The poster was created to encourage black people to vote, however many condemned the Saatchi and Saatchi devised image of an Asian woman balanced on a see-saw with a shaven-headed white man, which was portrayed as a ‘thug’. It creates an implication that all Brexit voters are of white ethnicity, who do not welcome ethnic minorities, thus some would argue encouraging sectarian politics. The London Mayor, Sadiq Khan, expressed his concern over the image due to it reinforcing stereotypes (Proto, 2016). This is significant because he was a Britain Stronger in Europe campaign supporter, who is also from an ethnic minority in Britain. Therefore, there is strong evidence to support the argument that there was a stereotype created around who voted for Brexit. From the research conducted, the most significant perceptions can be concluded as white ethnicity, older and of lower education. What are the reasons for voting to leave the EU? Building from the previous considerations regarding who voted for Brexit, it is important is understand what reasons voters had for wanting to leave the European Union. A focal point for the Vote Leave campaign was the amount of money the United Kingdom contributed to the EU. They claimed the UK pays  £350 million a week into the EU budget and implied it could be spent on the NHS instead. This shocked many voters and it could be argued the claim helped swing the vote towards Brexit. Other key arguments supporting the decision to vote to leave the European Union are that decisions about the UK should be made in the UK, control over immigration and the fear that remaining in the EU meant little choice about how the EU can expand its powers. These reasons were the top three most important reasons for people who voted to leave the EU according to Lord Ashcroft’s Poll (Ashcroft, 2016). This chapter will analyse the reasons why 51.9% of the electorate who voted in the 2016 referendum wanted to leave the European Union. National Identity and Sovereignty National identity was a key issue causing many voters to choose to support Brexit and the freedom for Britain to run its own affairs was at the centre of the leave campaign. This was established in its slogan, ‘Vote Leave, Take Control’. A pre-referendum survey found that 51% of people indicated that they thought EU membership eroded British sovereignty (Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely, 2016, p12). This relates to Lord Ashcroft’s findings that the most important reasons for voting Leave was the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK (Ashcroft, 2016). Britain has a particular notion of sovereignty enshrined in one intuition, rather than shared among several. When what was then known as the European Economic Community was created in 1957, its aim was to avoid another destructive war in Europe by making its countries economically interdependent. However, what began as a purely monetary union has now expanded and become accountable for many different areas of policy, from agriculture to transport. When arranging the deal regarding the UK’s membership with the EEC, then Prime Minister, Edward Heath promised that â€Å"there is no question of any erosion of essential national sovereignty†. However, The Economist argues this is only true in the sense that Parliament can repeal the 1972 European Communities Act, ignoring the reality that EU membership meant that European Law undermines national law (The Economist, 2016). This could explain why the older generation were strong Vote Leave supporters, as they remember the times before the UK became a member of the EU. It is argued that before the UK joined the EU they were considered a significant global power, and since then their impact has declined. On the other hand, Britain is signed up to over 700 international treaties that encroach on sovereignty. Although the EU has the greatest impact, others are also significant, such as NATO. However, as Lord Ashcroft found, Brexit was successful because of people’s fear that remaining in the EU meant little choice about how it expanded its powers and encroached upon British sovereignty (Ashcroft, 2016). The British Election Study Team argue that Vote Leave’s slogan, ‘Vote Leave, Take Control’, had a more significant impact on some people’s lives than originally thought, due to it affecting their ‘locus of control’ (Election Study Team, 2016). It represents the extent that people think they are in control over what happens to them. ‘People with an internal locus of control think they are themselves largely responsible for the things that happen to them, whilst those with an external locus of control tend to believe things are controlled by outside forces they cannot influence, such as other people, fate, or chance’, (Election Study Team, 2016). Their research helps explain people’s attitudes regarding losing their national identity and sovereignty. Those with an external locus of control are more likely to blame others, such as immigrants, for any hardship they may come by. They found that those with an external locus of con trol were much more likely to vote Leave (and take control) than those with an internal locus of control, as shown in the graph (Election Study Team, 2016). Thus concluding national identity had a significant impact on deciding to vote Leave. (Election Study Team, 2016) Immigration It is argued that national identity is further threatened by the issue of immigration. This was made a defining issue by the Vote Leave campaign that fuelled a lot of voter’s passions. Additionally, Lord Ashcroft’s poll declared ‘voting to Leave offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders’ the second most important reason to leave the European Union (Ashcroft, 2016). The issue of immigration became more important when Poland and Romania joined the EU, in 2004 and 2007 respectively. The EU’s principle of the ‘free movement of labour’ made immigration a concern for Britain, fuelled by tabloid reports of migrants taking jobs and driving down wages. EU migrants were often blamed for exacerbating public services, such as NHS waiting lists. These claims were increased significantly in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis; the subsequent austerity, involving cuts in public spending and thus cuts in public services, led to even more blame and hostility towards EU migrant workers. This was significantly felt amongst older people and those living in poorer areas. (Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely, 2016, p31) Further events helped the leave campaign in their efforts to gain support. Oxford University’s Migration Observatory reported that the Eurozone crisis of 2015 was encouraging more southern European migrants to travel to the UK than ever before, joining those from Eastern Europe (University of Oxford, 2016). Furthermore, the Office of National Statistics published figures stating that 1.2 million more EU migrants have been given National Insurance numbers in the last five years than had shown up in the immigration figures. Vote Leave used these examples to show how the UK had lost control of its immigration system, allowing for immigration to become one of the most significant explanatory powers in the likelihood of voting Leave. Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely calculated that as benefit-cost calculations regarding immigration moved from negative to positive, the likelihood of voting Leave increased by 0.75 points (on a 0-1 scale) (Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely, 2016, p17). Immigration had the second strongest effect on the electorate’s vote in the referendum. This aligns with Lord Ashcroft’s poll, where immigration was also said to be the second most important reason for voting Leave (Ashcroft, 2016). Ashcroft and Culwick found that immigration was a constant concern amongst the undecided voters in the focus groups they conducted. They found that the worry for many concentrated around competition for school places and public services. A member of the group stated â€Å"Yesterday, my boss, when her child didn’t get into the school she wanted, she said, ‘That’s it, I’m out.’† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p125). Due to increased UK population, it is argued that it is becoming increasingly competitive to get children into schools and difficult to use public services, such as booking appointments to see your GP. The increased pressure on public services is suggested to be decreasing its quality, which many would blame on immigration and more specifically the open door policy of the EU. This is important to the argument to why people no longer wanted to be a member of the European Union. Other events that helped the leave campaign make immigration a successful focus point of encouraging people to vote for Brexit, was the suggestion that Turkey was about to join the EU. Thus, increasing the European Union’s population and therefore the number eligible to come into the U.K. In focus groups, Ashcroft and Culwick found that some had the impression that Turkish membership was impending and were concerned, stating â€Å"The immigration thing will explode. If we stay in and Turkey joins the EU, there are millions of Turks who want to come to the UK. It really worries me. Will they have jobs? Will they have their own money? Will they have private health care?† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p127). This worry links to the previous point about added strain to public services, showing that is a significant concern for people. Due to its importance, it is possible it may have swayed the undecided voters in the focus group to vote to Leave. In a survey I conducted in March 2017, I found that 64% of people believed that immigration had become a bigger issue in the UK since 2015, when David Cameron announced the EU referendum. Furthermore, 40% of respondents felt that immigration had had a negative/extremely negative impact on terrorism, which could have been higher if the survey was conducted a few days later, when the Westminster attack took place. Finally, 66% of respondents did not want immigration to increase, proving that most people want more control over immigration. (Questionnaire information available in appendix). Costs of EU Membership A key focal point of the Vote Leave campaign was their calculation that the UK sent  £350 million a week to the European Union and the country did not receive an equal amount back, thus they argued the costs of being a member outweighed the benefits. If the UK left the EU, it is believed that billions of pounds would become available for other priorities, causing many people to support Brexit. Furthermore, leaving the EU would give the UK government the power to decide where to spend the money. The Vote Leave campaign websites states, ‘We can spend our money on our priorities like the NHS, schools and housing’.   Relating back to sovereignty, those who believe strongly in their national identity want to be able to spend their money on home grounds, thus causing them to vote Leave. However, the Vote Leave campaign were criticised for their statement that the UK sent the EU  £350 million a week. It is argued this calculation is not true. It ignores the rebate negotiated by Margaret Thatcher, agricultural subsidies and developmental subsidies for poorer areas. This leaves the net contribution of  £161 million a week. Ashcroft and Culwick found in their focus groups that probably because of the controversy, the  £350 million number stuck in voters’ minds and even if they could not remember the specific number, they knew it was still huge. One participant stated, â€Å"It’s the amount it costs that worries me. It is something like ten billion a day? Or is it ten million? Or seven million. Anyway, I was shocked when I heard.† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p133). Thus, the cost of EU membership became an important issue for many voters and Vote Leave were successful in making their point clear and believable, therefore causing many people to vote Leave. Conclusions National identity, immigration and the costs of EU membership are the most significant reasons for why 52% of voters wanted to leave the EU. National identity is an issue that is deep rooted for most and important for older voters due to them understanding how the UK worked before becoming a member of the European Union. Anti-immigration attitudes were fuelled by events such as Romania and Poland joining the EU, followed by the 2008 economic recession. This was especially felt amongst older voters and those living in impoverished towns. Immigration and the costs of EU membership were extremely current issues, that gained a lot of importance during the referendum campaign. They pushed a lot of undecided voters to support Vote Leave. Since the campaigns have ended these issues have had a lot less media attention, thus reducing their significance on public opinion. However, regaining control and national identity will always be significant when processing Brexit. Why did Vote Leave Win? In addition to understanding what reasons voters had for wanting to leave the European Union, it is important to consider other factors as to why Vote Leave was successful. This analysis will broadly discuss issues such as voter turnout and party divisions which were significant to the Leave campaign’s triumph. It will examine why the Vote Leave campaign is considered to have been more effective than the Stronger in Europe campaign, due to the factors of having a clear message and gaining the support of the mainstream press. Turnout A decisive element to why Brexit won was the issue of turnout. The Electoral Commission confirmed that 72.2% of registered voters casted their ballots on the 24th June 2016. This verified a total of 33,568,184 ballot papers counted, narrowly missing the record mark of participation in recent elections, where in the 1992 General Election 33,614,074 people went to the ballot box, accounting for 72.3% of the electorate. According to the NatCen Panel, 54% of those who did not vote in the 2015 General Election voted in the EU referendum. This helps explain why turnout was higher than the most recent General Election, 72.2% compared to 66.1%, due to a surge of ‘new voters’ (Swales, 2016, p19). The British voting population turned out in huge numbers. However, the levels of turnout from specific groups is argued to have had a significant impact on the referendum result. Before the referendum, campaigners for Remain were concerned that the younger generation would cost Britain its future within the EU, due to them not turning out to vote on the day. They were classed as Remains’ most secure voters and these concerns became reality on voting day. Moreover, the impact of the secure Leave campaign supporters, the older generation, assured to turn out in high numbers, significantly effecting why it resulted in a vote for Brexit. The Guardian states, ‘the median age in an area was the strongest predictor of turnout and showed a familiar pattern – the older the median age in an area, the more likely it was to have had a high turnout’ (Elgot, 2016). For example, Eastbourne, which has a median age of 71.5 years old, had a turnout of 74.7%. Conversely, Newham had one of the lowest turnouts and its medium age is much lower at 29. There were early cries after the referendum result was announced that the older voters had betrayed the younger generation, however this was countered by the argument that they did not vote in sufficient numbers. It is a constant trend in UK elections that under 25 year olds have the lowest turnout compared to other age groups. This could be due to low political engagement and a decreasing sense of duty to vote. Recent evidence suggests that more young voters turned out to vote than initially estimated. The new findings based on detailed surveying after the referendum by Opinium and analysed by London School of Economics suggests that turnout levels for 18-24 year olds was significantly higher than the initial figures, as shown in the table below. (Helm, 2016). This contradicts the argument that Brexit was mainly attained through the unconcern of young voters. Therefore, the low turnout of young voters may not be as significant as first thought, however this turnout level is still low in comparison to their findings of turnout levels of over 65s. The Campaigns It is argued that the Vote Leave campaign, further promoted by alternative campaigns such as Leave.EU and Grassroots Out, was much more effective than the Remain campaign. Firstly, they had a very well-defined and stronger message of ‘Take Back Control’. However, Remain failed to create a message to compete with this populist slogan. Their key message was the warnings of economic risks of leaving the EU, but this lacked simplicity and were often dismissed as scare-mongering, therefore failing to move enough voters. The messages that the pubic seemed to most remember were those of the Leave campaign, such as the claim that the UK contributed  £350 million a week to the EU, which could be spent on the NHS and the claim that Turkey was close to joining the EU. Subsequently, establishing that Vote Leave were more successful at portraying their message to the public, hence gaining more votes. An additional factor that allowed the Vote Leave campaign to gain more support was the significant backing of the press, especially the two most read newspapers, The Daily Mail and The Sun. Data from the British Election Study found that some 70% of Sun readers voted Leave in the referendum, followed by 66% of Daily Mail readers. Despite the issues of declining readership and lack of trust in the press, it is argued the press still sets the agenda, ‘Where the newspapers lead on issues, far more trusted broadcasters follow’ (Martinson, 2016). Loughborough University’s centre for research in communication and culture found that subjects that dominated the press often led television news. Thus, explaining why numerous stories about immigration, a key Vote Leave issue, continued unrelenting during the last few weeks of the campaign, whilst those about the economy, a key Remain issue, declined (Martinson, 2016). Furthermore, a report by NatCen interestingly found that regarding the EU referendum vote, people were more likely to follow the position of the newspaper they read, rather than the political party they identified with (Swales, 2016, p27). Due to the support of the most widely read national newspapers, it is argued that this was a significant reason why the Leave campaign gained more votes. The Politicians Throughout the campaign certain figurehead politicians arose, whilst others fell. Vote Leave campaign leaders, such as Nigel Farage and Boris Johnson, created enthusiasm amongst supporters. However, even though the Remain campaign had the support of the Prime Minister and most of Parliament, they failed to connect with voters, especially the Labour Party. The passion amongst the Leave campaign and the lack of within Remain, motivated many voters to go to the polls and vote to leave the EU. A key issue was that the public stopped listening to then Prime Minister, David Cameron. Promising the referendum is argued to have been vital to his success in the 2015 General Election and by putting himself at the front of the Remain campaign, he put his political future at stake. He assured the public of his ability to secure fundamental change in the UK’s relationship with the EU through reforms; thus when he came back after nine months of negotiations with only modest change, it was inevitable his concessions would not persuade many floating voters to give him the benefit of the doubt and vote remain (BBC News, 2016). Furthermore, the populist aspect of the Leave campaign appealed to voters who felt most politicians, including the Prime Minister, where out of touch with the ordinary people. Brexit could be described as a backlash against ‘the establishment’ and those cocooned in their ‘Westminster bubble’. (Swales, 2016, p21) Labour was more united on the issue of UK membership in comparison to the Conservative Party, with only a minority of MPs such as Gisela Stuart supporting Brexit. However, another failure of the Remain campaign was Labour’s inability to connect with its voters. They misjudged the mood of their voters, this was shown by their stronghold constituencies voting to Leave. For example, North East areas such as Sunderland, resulted in a 61% to 39% who voted to Leave. It is argued that Labour was sending mixed messages to the voters, and it is blamed on unpopular leader, Jeremy Corbyn’s ‘lukewarm endorsement of continued EU membership’ (Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely, 2016, p10). NatCen have evidence to support the claim that Labour were sending mixed message and thus people did not know where the party stood regarding EU membership. ‘Just over half of the people thought that Labour MPs mainly backed remain, with a quarter saying they were fairly evenly divided, and nearly two-fifths answering, ‘don’t know’’ (Swales, 2016, p21). Only just over half of Labour supporters knew the actual position of Labour MPs, proving that Labour failed to connect with their voters and thus did not enthuse supporters to vote Remain with them.   The enthusiasm for Vote Leave created by figures such as Boris Johnson and Nigel Farage influenced a lot of people to follow and support their campaign. The Leave campaign was described as more passionate than its Remain opponents, as people such as Nigel Farage had been fighting their whole political career for this outcome. Furthermore, the BBC states ‘the justice secretary brought intellectual heft and strategic nous to the table while the former mayor of London, after a bout of soul-searching, brought star appeal and ability to appeal across the party divide’, regarding Michael Gove and Boris Johnson (BBC News, 2016). This further emphasises the appeal towards the ‘populist’ aspect of the Leave campaign, who were argued to be on the side of ordinary people. Recent models found that the leader image cues provided by Farage and Johnson were influential on emotions about EU membership. ‘Feelings about these two figures moved from negative to positive along the 0-10 ‘likeability’ scale, the probability of voting Leave increased by 0.44 points’ (Clarke, Goodwin and Whitely, 2016, p18). Therefore, likeability of the Leave campaigns figureheads was significant to their success. Changes since 1975 In 1975, the UK electorate was asked ‘Do you think the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community?’ and ‘Yes’ won by 67.2%. In comparison, regarding modern day politics, there are lower levels of deference to mainstream, centrist politicians. As stated above, people are less willing to listen to the political elites, such as the Prime Minister. Explaining why populist figureheads like Boris Johnson were so successful in the campaign, as they appealed to the everyday working class, which were Vote Leave’s strongest supporters. In 1975, new Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher got the Conservative Party enthused about European membership, however the fact that  Cameron was unable to  find a common binding chord within his own party, remains the single largest difference to the 1975 referendum (Acharya, 2016). Previously, the main parties of England were united that we should not leave the Community, further strengthened by the support of the press. Presently, it is argued the coherence and the ability to drive a nation is missing drastically among politicians (Acharya, 2016). This allowed Vote Leave to take advantage, thus allowing them to effectively gain more support than the Stronger in Europe campaign, using their enthusiasm and significant support of the press to motivate more people to go to the polls and vote to leave the European Union. Conclusions Vote Leave won the referendum due to having a more efficient and appealing campaign. They had an engaging slogan, compared to Britain Stronger in Europe and most significantly had the support of the mainstream press. Their campaign leaders became very popular, whilst Remain struggled to get people to listen and remember what they were saying. The Remain campaign was further weakened by the disunity of the Labour party, and thus failed to understand the mood of many Labour voters. This allowed the Leave campaign to gain the support of the ‘ordinary man’, and increased the ‘populist’ aspect of their campaign.    An important factor contributing to their success was turnout. Due to older people turning out in high numbers and younger people not going to the polls, it gave Leave an advantage. As the result was so close, 48% to 52%, if more younger people voted, Vote Leave may not have been successful. However, due to recent polls, such as Opinium, turnout may not have been as a significant factor as first thought. Conclusion Why did the 2016 Referendum result in a vote for Britain leaving the EU? The objective of this research was to come to an assertive conclusion on what the most important reasons were 51.9% of the electorate that voted on the 23rd June 2016 wanted to leave the European and understand factors that contributed to why Vote Leave won. This was done through examining who voted for Brexit, what are the reasons for voting to leave the EU and why did Vote Leave win? By answering these key questions, I have come to the following conclusions. According to the research, England was the most Eurosceptic country of the United Kingdom, where the only region who voted to remain in the European Union was London. The more deprived areas of the country were more likely to support Brexit, contributing to the fact that those with fewer qualifications and â€Å"nearly two thirds of skilled manual workers (‘C2s’), and of unskilled manual workers and those dependent on state benefits, voted for Brexit† (Ashcroft and Culwick, 2016, p168). A voter’s age, ethnicity and party allegiance significantly showed a trend in Vote Leave support. Over 65s were a constant supporter of Leave throughout the campaign. Furthermore, people with White ethnicity and Conservative supporters were more likely to have voted for Brexit. As a consequence, there was a stereotype created around who voted for Brexit. From the research conducted, the most significant perceptions can be concluded as White ethnicity, older and of lower education. National identity, immigration and the costs of EU membership are the most significant reasons for why 51.9% of voters wanted to leave the EU. Each issue had constant media attention throughout the campaign, causing them to become salient issues. However, since the campaigns have ended, the attention dedicated to immigration and the costs of EU membership has declined. National identity and sovereignty however have stayed at the forefront of the Brexit process. The importance of a nation’s power will never decline, hence why national identity and taking back control will always be significant when processing Brexit. Vote Leave won due to running a more efficient campaign. Significantly, their simple slogan, ‘Vote Leave, Take Control’ was memorable to voters, alongside their key issues such as immigration and the  £350 million weekly EU fee. The passions of their campaign figureheads got voters listening, compared to the failed attempts by the Prime Minister. Turnout was also important and as the final result was so close, if more younger people voted, Vote Leave may not have been successful, but recent polls, such as Opinium, have suggested turnout may not have been as significant as originally thought. This research is important as it gives a clear quantitative and qualitative analysis of why the 2016 referendum resulted in a vote for Britain leaving the European Union. There was limited credible research on the topic, due to the main publishing being newspapers articles, where political bias is high. Furthermore, other papers such as The House of Commons EU Referendum Briefing paper discredited certain significant trends, such as the correlation between age and turnout, additionally socio-economic indicators and voting to leave. Therefore, reliable research needed to be developed to analyse why 51.9% of voters wanted to leave the EU, and only then can it be understood what people want from the result. Appendix Immigration Questionnaire What is your age?What is your gender?What race/ethnicity best describes you?Current UK residency? What is your greatest source of information regarding news and current affairs?Which one of these is the biggest issue facing the UK right now?EconomyHealthcareImmigrationTerrorismEducationOtherDo you think immigration has become a bigger issue in the UK in the past 2 years?On a scale from 1-5 how concerned are you about EU immigration? (1= no concern, 5= concerned)On a scale from 1-5 how concerned are you about EU immigration? (1= no concern, 5= concerned)On a scale from 1-5 (1=negative, 5=positive), do you think immigration has an effect onBritish cultureCrimeJob shortagesEconomyTerrorismWhat is your preference regarding current levels of immigration into the UK?Increase a lotIncrease a little Remain the sameDecrease a littleDecrease a lotDon’t know Sample size – 126 online, 36 face to face Due to the use of online surveying, the survey was not totally representative of the British Adult population. The online survey attracted younger respondents, making the results significantly skewed towards 18-24 year olds. An attempt to overcome this problem was made by conducting face-to-face surveys, as it was easier to target the audience. This was a success, however it was difficult to get as many respondents, as few people wanted to take the time to complete the survey. Bibliography Acharya, D. (2016). Brexit in 2016 and 1975: Two historical EU referendums speak of two different ideas of Britain. [online] Firstpost. Available at: http://www.firstpost.com/world/brexit-in-2016-and-1975-two-historical-eu-referendums-speak-of-two-different-ideas-of-britain-2853954.html [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Ashcroft, L. (2005).  How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday†¦ and why. [online] Available at: How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why [Accessed 3 Dec. 2016]. Ashcroft, M. and Culwick, K., (2016). Well you did ask: Why the UK voted to leave the EU. United Kingdom: Biteback Publishing. BBC News. (2016). Eight reasons Leave won the UKs referendum on the EU BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36574526 [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Boult, A. (2016). Millennials fury over baby boomers vote for Brexit. The Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/millenials-fury-over-baby-boomers-vote-for-brexit/ [Accessed 28 Jan. 2017]. Clarke, H., Goodwin, M. and Whitely, P. (2016). Why Britain Voted for Brexit: An Individual-Level of Analysis of the 2016 Referendum Vote. 1st ed. Coles, M., Krol, C. and Kirk, A. (2016). EU referendum results and maps: Full breakdown and find out how your area voted. The Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/23/leave-or-remain-eu-referendum-results-and-live-maps/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2017]. The Economist, (2016).  Brexit Brief: Dreaming of Sovereignty, [online] Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21695056-talk-taking-back-power-may-be-delusional-more-democracy-not-dreaming-sovereignty [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Election Study Team, (2016).  Brexit Britain: British Election Study Insights from the post-EU Referendum wave of the BES internet panel The British Election Study. [online] Britishelectionstudy.com. Available at: http://www.britishelectionstudy.com/bes-resources/brexit-britain-british-election-study-insights-from-the-post-eu-referendum-wave-of-the-bes-internet-panel/#.WM1CyMdO_zK [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Elgot, J. (2016). Young remain voters came out in force, but were outgunned. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/24/young-remain-voters-came-out-in-force-but-were-outgunned [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Helm, T. (2016). EU referendum: youth turnout almost twice as high as first thought. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/09/young-people-referendum-turnout-brexit-twice-as-high [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Kirk, A. and Dunford, D. (2016). How did turnout affect the EU referendum result?. The Telegraph. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/how-did-turnout-affect-the-eu-referendum-result/ [Accessed 3 Dec. 2016]. Martinson, J. (2016). Did the Mail and Sun help swing the UK towards Brexit?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/24/mail-sun-uk-brexit-newspapers [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Proto, L. (2016). Sadiq khan: Controversial see-saw EU poster reinforces stereotypes. Politics. [online] Available at: http://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/sadiq-khan-eu-vote-poster-reinforces-stereotypes-a3257506.html [Accessed 13 Feb. 2017]. Swales, K. (2016). Understanding the Leave vote. 1st ed. [ebook] NatCen Social Research. Available at: http://whatukthinks.org/eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/NatCen_Brexplanations-report-FINAL-WEB2.pdf [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Uberoi, E., (2016), European Union Referendum 2016 Briefing Paper, Number CBP 7639, House of Common Library Uberoi, E., (2016), Brexit: National Identity and Ethnicity in the Referendum, Availiabnle at: https://secondreading.uk/elections/brexit-national-identity-and-ethnicity-in-the-referendum/, [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. University of Oxford. (2016). The pull of the UK for EU migrants | Ox.ac.uk. [online] Available at: http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-04-13-pull-uk-eu-migrants [Accessed 12 Apr. 2017]. YouGov, (n.d.), Research Q+A’s, Available from: https://yougov.co.uk/about/panel-methodology/research-qs/, [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017].

Value Alignment: The Pepsi Company

Organizations need strategic planning to have better possibilities in achieving success. Part of creating a strategic plan that fit an organization is aligning its values with what the organization wants to accomplish and how is achieve. In this paper, Learning Team B uses the Pepsi Company as the organization of topic. Team B will discuss the evolution of personal values as well as the values at the workplace. Also the paper includes how the values of each individual affects actions and behaviors, the alignment of the Pepsi Company values with its plans and actions, and how our values as a team can be reflective in the Pepsi Company.Coke and Pepsi In a family setting, parents teach their children to value certain things whether it is physical or mental. You are taught the difference between what is right and what is wrong. To value something is to determine its worth or regard, such as a life or money and in business, the products and services rendered to the customers. Value expresses what is important to a person. Throughout life people use what they have learned in an effort to shape their communities, schools as well as social organizations creating an environment that has high hopes for a better way of living. Because of the amount of time people spend in the workplace, they should be responsible for setting the tone for the type of behavior displayed throughout the organization. Oftentimes, organizations are held responsible for setting the legal, moral, and ethical codes for the workplace when the employees determine how they will behave. Developing codes of business values and ethics are increasing in businesses and professional associations to ensure ethical standards are consistent throughout the business industry (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Personal and workplace values should in many ways be the same. A person should value and display the same type of behavior in his personal and business lifestyles. The positive reputation a person demonstrates personally should be displayed as well in the professional arena. Businesses should value their customers, investors, and workers because these are the individuals who help grow organization and keep it competitive in its product market. Everyone has personal values. Those values can be very influential in their actions and behaviors. Some personal values can be excellence, improvement, credibility, individuality, responsibility, respect, loyalty, empathy, courage, wisdom, security, teamwork, and empowerment. There are many other personal values that can drive a person’s actions. Values can have an impact on how an individual make decisions, how he works, how someone reacts to problems, and what products he buys or uses. The Pepsi Company states, â€Å"Our Values & Philosophy are a reflection of the socially and environmentally responsible company we aspire to be. They are the foundation for every business decision we make† (PepsiCo, 2012). Pepsi makes it clear that their values reflectt their decision making. This is how individuals are as well. When a person has the values of loyalty, and respect he will be the type that will buy or use products from whom he knows are fair. This is what many companies strive to find within its customers. Knowing the customers values can be very helpful to a company. Pepsi Company alignment balances it values and its plans and actions. The Pepsi mission statement states â€Å"Our mission is to be the world’s premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity† (PepsiCo Inc. , 2012). As for the Pepsi vision statement states â€Å"PepsiCo responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate environment, social, economic – creating a better tomorrow than today. † Because Pepsi has designed this statement for their company they stand behind it by offering tasting food nd beverage to its customers all over the world. Pepsi offers a great product but also its offer great opportunities for it employees, business owners, and the rest of the community. In order for Pepsi to meet these values and plans they put in place the guiding principles for their company as well. These six guiding principles are †¢ Care for our customers, our consumers, and the world we live in. †¢ Sell only products we can be proud of. †¢ Speak with truth and candor. †¢ Balance short term and long term. †¢ Win with diversity and inclusion. Respect others and succeed together. ( PepsiCo, 2012) Each of these principles is what makes Pepsi what it is today. Logistics and operations are core to PepsiCo’s success (PepsiCo. , 2012). Employees who share backgrounds, such as a military fit well at PepsiCo, a merit and performance based company with a focus on leadership and teams (PepsiCo Inc. 2012). Chad, one of our teammates can relate with that statement. Because of his prior service it speaks to him because he was a leader in the Army, and he has a level of respect for a company like PepsiCo. At the same time PepsiCo realizes that people are its greatest asset (Durkin, 2012). It is important to us that our personal and workplace values be closely connected to those of the company we work for. The values that PepsiCo strives for are the same values that were ingrained for Chad as a member of the United States Army. It is satisfying to work for a company whose values are aligned with those of an individual. Though our values are aligned, it is most imperative that those values are upheld in PepsiCo’s plans and actions and not just in their words or statements. PepsiCo must ensure to have leaders who hold individuals accountable to the values of the company. Individuals values can determine how actions will be perform. Values show how an individual personality is through his behavior. The Pepsi Company is one of the best in the beverage industry. Its products are popular but also the company values are exceptional. The Pepsi Company provides a great balance between its values, and the impact that causes to its employees and the community. All those are factors that support the creation of a strategic plan effective for the organization. References Durkin, Tom (2012). Profiles of PepsiCo JMO. Retrieved from: http://www.pepsico.com/Careers/Junior-Military-Officers/Profiles.html Pearce, J. A. II, & Robinson, R. B.,(2009). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control. (11thed.). New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. PepsiCo Inc. (2012). Our Mission and Vision. Retrieved from: http://www.pepsico.com/Company/Our-Mission-and-Vision.html PepsiCo Inc. (2012). PepsiCo Values & Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.pepsico.com/Company/PepsiCo-Values-and-Philosophy.html

Organizational Analysis Apple Inc. Essay - 5115 Words

Organizational Analysis: Apple Inc. Part 1 Apple Inc. History/Background: Apple Inc. is an iconic United States technological company based in Cupertino, California. Apple is engaged in the development of World changing consumer electronic products such a mobile phones, music media devices, tablets, and personal computers. The company also sells and creates operating system software, peripherals and delivery of third-party digital content (iTunes) to consumers. Apple sells its products and services via it 250 U.S. and 140 international retail stores worldwide (Europe, Japan and Asia-Pacific), online stores and third-party wholesalers, retailers and resellers. As of September 29, 2012 Apple has 72,800 full-time employees and 3,300†¦show more content†¦The management styles are a little bit different between the two men, but the revenue numbers speak for themself in this situation. Apple’s structure allows the current CEO to carry on with business as it did in the past with the exception of trying figure out what would Steve Jobs do in this s cenario of keeping Apple a vibrant company. Steve Jobs watched companies like Walt Disney be non-productive after their CEO passed away and did not want that for Apple, so he explained to Tim Cook â€Å"don’t ever try to figure out what would I have done in a certain situation, just do what is right for the company† (MSNBC). I think this type of leader-follower relationship transcends throughout the Apple organization very well. Stakeholder relationships on the surface seem to be in very good standings. Apple is a leader in so many ways with making superior products; they are number one, who doesn’t want to be a part of the Apple machine? 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Breast Feeding Vs. Formula Feeding - 1111 Words

Soto 1 Melissa Soto Human Development Professor Daniel Marron 13 February 2015 Breast feeding vs. formula feeding One of the most imperative decision as an expectant mother is deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed their newborn. Organizations including World Health Organization (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advocate breastfeeding as the advantageous option for newborns. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding confirm that breastfeeding defends the infant against infection, decreases the risks of many chronic conditions, and inhibits allergies. Despite experts view that breastfeeding is the appropriate nutritional decision for babies, some women may not be able to breastfeed. For many women, the decision to formula feed or breastfeed confides immensely on their level of contentment, medical considerations, and lifestyles. The decision to formula feed or breastfeed seems to be an exceptionally personal one. Breastfeeding plays a crucial role in fighting against infections. As reported by Nivin Todd, â€Å"the antibodies transferred from the mother to the baby can assist in reducing the risks of many medical conditions such as, ear infections, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and meningitis† (WebMD). In addition, breastfeeding protects the infant from infection by reasonably assisting the infant’s immune system. Breastfeeding accomplishes this by enhancing the barriers toShow MoreRelatedBreast Feding vs. Formula Feeding862 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. Some things to consider when deciding which to choose are: cost, convenience, nutrition, and the health benefits to both the baby and to the mother. In terms of cost, an advantage to breastfeeding is that breast milk is free. Its estimated that breastfeeding can save you thousands of dollars a year, depending on the brand of formula that would have been used instead. AccordingRead MoreStudy Analysis : Breast Feeding Vs. Formula Feeding And Overweight Infants1183 Words   |  5 PagesStudy Analysis: Breast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding and Overweight Infants Abbey Gunderson Florida Gulf Coast University Abstract The study Exclusively Breastfed Overweight Infants are at the Same Risk of Childhood Overweight as Formula Fed Overweight Infants, investigates whether exclusively breastfed overweight infants have the same risks of becoming overweight in childhood as overweight infants who are formula fed. This study found that exclusively breastfed infants who are overweight encounterRead MoreEssay on Breast-Feeding vs Formula876 Words   |  4 Pagesa mother and family can make is the option of breast milk or formula. In a growing society where mothers are given dirty looks for nursing in public, or media outlets rage in disapproval to mothers that share nursing stories, it almost seems crazy not to pick up a bottle and feed a child. Our society has made formula feeding a â€Å"norm† and had turned its back to mothers that ponder the choice of breast-feeding. This is a complete shame; breast-feeding is a natural practice of human development. Read More Breast Feeding vs Formula Essay13 57 Words   |  6 Pages Breast-feeding is nutritionally, emotionally and physically superior for a mother and her child. â€Å"Human breast milk is not standard nor is it interchangeable with cow’s milk. It is a dynamic fluid that changes in composition to meet the needs of the baby as it grows† (â€Å"Giving your Baby... Diet.† par. #10). Breast milk contains growth factors and antibodies which stimulate the growing baby and protect it from illness such as diarrhea, ear infections, rashes, allergies, asthma, skin problems, pneumoniaRead MoreDoe Assignment11278 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Breast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy Jane Doe CHFD 308 American Public University Dr. John DoeBreast Feeding Vs Bottle Feeding Controversy This essay is about the breast feeding vs bottle feeding controversy. Are you depriving your infant of nutrients they need if you chose to bottle feed? Will your child be unhealthy if you chose not to breast feed? Some women feel like breast feeding is always better, some women feel like bottle feeding is just the same. Breast feeding is usuallyRead MoreThe Breast Vs. Bottle Debate1718 Words   |  7 Pages The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defendsRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Breast Feeding1451 Words   |  6 Pagesonly two choices, breastfeeding or bottle/formula feeding. Breast feeding is simply the baby sucking milk from the mother’s breasts, while formula feeding is manufactured food fed to the baby with a bottle. There are arguments for and against one or the other, but which is actually better? Below we will examine the pros and cons of both methods, in an effort to understand if one is truly better than the other. First we will look at the pros of Breast-feeding. According to the Office on Women’s HealthRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. With more and more research that is continuously being developed, the option to breast-feedRead MoreBreastfeeding VS Formula Bottle-feeding Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesBreastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. I finallyRead MoreBreast Feeding vs Bottle Feeding2073 Words   |  9 PagesBreastfeeding versus Formula Feeding Your family is expecting a newborn baby within the next couple of months. This event in someone’s life will change their lives forever and can be a very exciting and exhausting change. Although you may be excited and impatient for the baby’s arrival, this event can cause a lot of stress on the family. While your lives are completely changing; there are things you need to do to prepare yourself and there are many important decisions that need to be made. Decisions

The Democratic Value of Whitmans Leaves of Grass Essay

Early reviews of Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass evince an incipient awareness of the unifying and acutely democratic aspects of the poetry. An article in the November 13th, 1856, issue of the New York Daily Times describes the modest, self-published book of twelve seemingly formless poems: As we read it again and again, and we will confess that we have returned to it often, a singular order seems to arise out of its chaotic verses (2). The Daily Timess identification of order out of chaos in Leaves of Grass parallels Americas theoretical declaration of e pluribus unum, one out of many—a uniquely democratic objective. Also manifesting the early perception of the democratic poetic in Leaves of Grass, yet focusing more on Whitman and†¦show more content†¦Remini notes, the Founding Fathers had agreed that a just government was based on the consent of the governed, but that did not necessarily translate into democratic rule (24). This republican mode of government safeguard ed unity among Americans because it advocated a trace of aristocratic regulation, insuring that the elite serve as a filter for political decisions and thus for maintaining order. Jackson, however, endorsed extreme democratic rule—governance by the people, by Americas very citizens. Jacksons view of the American system of government, Remini continues, was completely different from the Founding Fathers, and far more democratic. First of all, he maintained that the people always remain active in the governing process. The people can never be excluded; they did not surrender their right of self-government when they adopted the Constitution. They exercise it regularly through the ballot box, which all agencies of government (including the Supreme Court) must obey. (25) With valid reasoning, government officials feared the social and political manifestation of Jacksons radically democratic theories. Remini, interpreting the argument of those who found problems in Jacksons agenda, states that without a rule of law interpreted by a high court, the majority will tyrannize the minority (26). Jackson, though, trusted in the deep-seated integrityShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Walt Whitmans Leaves Of Grass And Song For Myself1068 Words   |  5 PagesMichelle C. Sipalay Professor Lesley Ginsburg ENGL3350 20 November 2017 Song for Myself, Sung for Others Notable American author Walt Whitman, with his piece Leaves of Grass/Song for Myself, was and continues to be a source of critique. Leaves of Grass was received as a riveting, revolutionary piece that overstepped many spiritual boundaries during the timeframe in which the composition was published. The text, released in 1855, was birthed into a world where religion was a rigid tradition, in whichRead MoreIndividuality And Free Verse in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself1524 Words   |  7 Pageskids, 2 cars, a dog and a satisfying job), the spirit of innovation, individuality and progress remains unchanged. The father of free verse, and perhaps the American perspective of poetry, Walt Whitman embodies these values in his life and work. First published in 1855 in Leaves of Grass, Song of Myself is a vision of a symbolic I enraptured by the senses, vicariously embracing all people and places from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Sections 1 and 2, like the entirety of the piece, seek toR ead MoreDemocratic Individualism in Walt Whitman Poetry1663 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic Individualism in Whitman’s Poetry Walt Whitman will remain as a well-known, superb poet. Clarence Brown stated, the words of someone speaking on Walt Whitman, â€Å"He is the only one of the conventionally recognized American poets who is worth reading† (37). Walt Whitman is a poet that writes with purpose. His poetry seems to attempt to teach the more desirable behavior and traits for Americans. It depicts the ideal American democrat, peace maker, and a well-rounded person, in general. NotRead MoreDefining The American Poet Through Leaves Of Grass : Walt Whitman3117 Words   |  13 PagesAugust 2015 Defining the American Poet through Leaves of Grass: Walt Whitman Walt Whitman s Leaves of Grass define the aspects of democratic poetry. Early reviews of Leaves of Grass claim that Whitman is the original American poet. This is due to how Whitman practices the democratic view of human equality. For example, if we take a look at a review published in the New York Daily Times that was written in 1856, less than a year after leaves of grass was published, the author claims about WhitmanRead MoreSong of Myself by Walt Whitman Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesnature of the poem. In the sixth part of â€Å"Song of Myself†, a child asks the narrator of the poem, â€Å"What is the grass?† (Whitman). Instead of simply giving an answer, the narrator cannot make up his mind, and stumbles on how to explain the grass to the child. Through the use of specific symbolisms, Whitman, as the narrator, explicates his views while remaining under the faà §ade of explaining grass to the child. The views Whitman conveys remain indeterminate and unclear to t he reader because the use of variousRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 PagesWalt Whitman’s vision of America in Leaves of Grass Valentine†©Abbet†© TRAVAIL†©DE†©MATURITE†© †© Sous†©la†©direction†©d’Anne†©Roland†Wurzburger†© Gymnase†©du†©Bugnon,†©Lausanne†© 2012†©  «I have sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long! » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed editionRead MoreWalt Whitman: An Omnisexual Poet2586 Words   |  11 Pages The homosexual themes displayed in Walt Whitman’s works, especially in his most famous collection of poems Leaves of Grass, raise the question of his own sexuality. Many of his poems depicted affection and sexuality in a simple, personal manner, causing nineteenth century Americans to view them as pornographic and obscene. Based on this poetry, Whitman is usually assumed to be homosexual, or at least bisexual. However, this assumption does not account for major influences of his writing suchRead MoreEssay on Whitmans Music as a Means of Expression2414 Words   |  10 PagesWhitmans Music as a Means of Expression In his verses, Walt Whitman eradicates divisions of individual entities while simultaneously celebrating their unique characteristics. All components of the universe are united in a metaphysical intercourse, and yet, are assigned very distinct qualities so as to keep their identities intact. Often times, Whitman demonstrates these conceptions through elements of song. â€Å"Walt Whitman caroled throughout his verse. For the Bard of Democracy, as America cameRead MoreUnity Of The American Culture Essay2018 Words   |  9 PagesPoet, Walt Whitman captures the strength in the unity of the American people. Through Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself,† he demonstrates the value of unity in the American culture. He celebrates the individuals who make up the United States, whether they are the common worker or the very rich. †Song of Myself† invites readers to see the hope and praise he had for all people in the American Culture. Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† shows the unity of people found in the culture of the American people. Read MoreTranscendentalism In The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1242 Words   |  5 PagesMississippi River published in 1884. The novel criticizes the racism, slavery, and the hypocrisy that existed in the white â€Å"civilized† society to provoke a social change. Walt Whitman continues the same ideology in his poem, â€Å"Song of Myself,† from the Leaves of Grass collection voices his opinion on the racial prejudice he witnessed through a philosophical point of view about the universe. As a transcendentalist, Whitman strongly advocates for the unity of the individual and universe implying every individual

Do People Learn Who They Are Only When They Are Forced Free Essays

Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest leaders in American history who has votes himself entirely into the great reformation of the country, was not as dutiful as in his presidency before he become the leader Of United States. During his early political career, his opinion on controversy of slavery had always been neutral in front of public. Nevertheless, he showed his firmness and fortitude on reforming the social structure of the country after he had won his election. We will write a custom essay sample on Do People Learn Who They Are Only When They Are Forced or any similar topic only for you Order Now The difference between early and late politic career of Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrate that people need external force to achieve a new level in their career. Another person who depicts brand new self after tremendous life change would be Kimberly Ghana, the Chinese girl from â€Å"Girl in Translation†. In the book, the girl and her family have immigrated to the great united States. The cruel reality she was living in made her become strong and brave when facing others who bully and disdain her. Despite all the pressure, she managed to study hard and gained scholarship in new private school. The headmaster admired her resilience and talents. Eventually, the saying â€Å"chance favors only the prepared mind† has proven on Kimberly. Her outstanding academic impressed Yale University. How to cite Do People Learn Who They Are Only When They Are Forced, Essays

Determinants and Value of Risk Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Determinants and Value of Risk Management. Answer: Introduction: According to McNeil, Frey and Embrechts (2015), risk culture is one of the system of values as well as behaviors which is mainly present within an organization for shaping the decisions of management as well as employees. One most important element of risk culture is development of proper understanding by the organization for its business related purpose (Burger and Gochfeld 2015). It is identified that risk culture is one of the glue that generally binds various elements of risk management infrastructure as it generally reflects shared goals, practices as well as reinforcement mechanism for properly embedding risk into an organizations decision-making processes As organizations needs to undertake some of the risks in order to achieve its goals as well as objectives thus, the existing risk culture of an organization either make the project successful or failure (DeAngelo and Stulz 2015). It is found that risk culture mainly affects the capability to take proper strategic decisions within the project in order to deliver the outcome of the project on time. Organization that have proper risk culture will generally found themselves allowing various activities which is totally considered as odds with appropriate stated procedures as well as policies. It is stated by Cole, Gine and Vickery (2017) that inappropriate risk culture not only highlights that the project related activities will be mainly undertaken only by few individuals but it also reflects that the activities of the project will be ignored by other individuals. If the organization does not have proper risk culture and if the stakeholder does not understand the risk then it would negatively affect the progress of the project. Therefore, it is very much necessary for the project stakeholders to understand as well as address the risk culture of the organization properly (Bromiley et al. 2015). In order to minimize the impact of the risk couture on the project it is very much necessary for the project board to set proper responsibilities as well as communication skills in order to enforce the risk culture of the organization that consequently influences, directs as well as align with the objectives as well as strategies of the project. The organization that have proper risk culture generally sets more risk related strategies in order to avoid as well as minimize any type of risk that would impact the project negatively (DeAngelo and Stulz 2014).It is found that positive risk culture assists in allocating resources in order to monitor various ty pes of risks and putting it in proper system in order to escalate information for judging the action place by the people. Therefore, proper risk culture within the organization does not assist in creating any type of negative impact on the results of the project. In order to resolve issues related with risk culture, it is very much necessary for the organizations to identify the risk as well as opportunities of the organization. In order to implement proper positive risk culture within an organization in order to avoid project failures it is necessary to have proper communication (Rampini and Viswanathan 2014) In addition to this, successful risk culture will be adopted within the organization by utilizing proper leadership tacking, appropriate processes as well as toolsets. In addition to this, proper formal procedure must be used in order to consider risks while making important decisions for the project. This step would be quite advantageous for making the project successful. Recommendations in order to integrate project risk management with the organizational culture The recommendations that are necessary for integrating risk management within the culture of the organization mainly include: Understood needs of project risk management before integration within organizational culture: Every organization has understood the requirement of risk management or risk mitigation plan within the project. However, some of the organizations are generally utilizing bureaucratic arrangements that assist in avoiding various types of regulatory penalties but keep the organization vulnerable to various types of project related risks as well as challenges. Therefore, it is very much important for an organization to integrate project risk management with the culture of the organization in order to get appropriate idea about management of inherent risks as well as for procedures that generally eliminates the exposure of various types of unnecessary risks. Proper risk management plan generally help the organization to integrate awareness within the culture of the organization Manage control as well as oversee different types of risks: In order to inherent risk management strategies, the organization it is very much necessary to manage, control as well as oversee various types of risks as well as challenges. It is found that effective integration of risk management strategies within the culture of the organization helps in making real choices on day-to-day basis. As the organizational people make significant risk related decisions then the approach of the company to integrate the risk management strategy within the organization is considered advantageous. Effective risk management integration holistically helps in addressing the elements of the organization including its culture, methodology, process, governance as well as tools for achieving success. Creating risk culture awareness: It is found that presently, organization does not have proper standardized management as well as reporting for various operational or project related risks thus they generally end up with poor transparency as well as various types of uninformed decisions. Many of the organization generally have improper compliance with the various operation related risks. However, in spite of addressing various types of reports, compliance as well as governance tactically, it is quite important to analyze the problems that generally occur due to lack of awareness within the culture. With appropriate realization the company can be able to promote proper sound culture that helps in supporting, promoting as well as motivates various cultures as well as polices. Overcome the challenges: It is identified that for overcoming the issues as well as challenges, it is very much necessary to lay a proper solid foundation that generally needs important top-down direction as well as time commitment. It is found that considerable cross-functional coordination within the various siloed organization is quite difficult to achieve due to the existing internal politics. In addition to this, it is identified that by defining the culture program too narrowly the objectives of risk management can be properly achieved. Measure the impact of the management: After integration of risk management within the organization, it is very much important to measure the impact of the program as well as documentation tracking culture. It is also necessary for the organization to properly measure each and every aspect of risk cultural program. Maintain proper risk environment within the organization: After integration of the risk culture, it is very much important to maintain proper risk environment within the organization. It is found that proper integration of risk culture within the organization assists in making risk enabled decisions as well as processes within the project. After embedding the changes, it is necessary to maintain it properly for achieving some positive results. Creative risk management entail According to Marcelino-Sadaba et al. (2014), risk management is considered as one of the integral component of proper management as well as governance. It is generally an iterative procedure that consists of number of steps that is generally undertaken in sequence for enabling continual improvement in making various types of decisions. It is found that all non-profit organization as well as business generally faces unexpected events and risks which generally cause loss of funds, injury to staff, revenue and further creates negative impact on the organization (Aldunce et al. 2015). Occurrence of any type of negative event generally cost money of the organization. It is very much necessary for the companies to forecast the risks as well as challenges properly in order to mitigate them at their initial stage. In order to manage risks as well as challenges, organizations generally implement risk management strategies that are helpful in resolving or mitigating the challenges that the com pany mainly faces. It is analyzed that in Australia, the utilization of risk management was mainly provided a proper boost by standards of Australian publication in order to mitigate the challenges that the Australian organizations are facing. It is found that development of risk management strategies depends on the maturity of the organization to face risk (Benson, Lorenzoni and Cook 2016). The more mature the organization becomes, it will implement more number of risk management strategies in order to avoid or minimize the chances of negative impact of the risk on the operations of the organization. It is identified that risk is the main cause of uncertainty within any organization. The organizations mainly get involved in identifying the risks for resolving them before it affects the operations of the organization. The ability of risk management helps the organization to act much more confidently on various future decisions in the business (Gatzert and Martin 2015).Their knowledge on risk management generally provides them different options for dealing with the potential problems that generally exist within the organization. It is found that risk management processes is very much important for an organization as without managing the risks, an organization cannot be able to define its future objectives for achieving success. If the objectives of the organization are defined without considering the risks then there is high chance that the organization will lose their direction due to the obstruction that will occur due to the occurrence of risks (Wu, Chen and Olson 2014). The mai n role of the team is to properly identify the risks, creates proper risk management strategies and executes the strategies in order to mitigate the issues as well as challenges (Grote 2015). Larger organization generally faces much more risk as compared to smaller organization therefore it is very much necessary for the larger organizations to implement proper risk management strategies so that the risks as well as challenges can be mitigated quite easily. Risk management plan mainly helps in ensuring that the risks that are associated with the organization will be mitigated properly. The main goal of the risk management is to minimize the impact of negative risks within the organization by enhancing the impact of opportunities (Cvitanic, Possamai and Touzi 2016). It is found that development effective risk management strategy generally assists in identifying the risks that are mainly associated with the business so that it will not create any type of negative impact on the operations of the business. An organization that is mature about the risks of the organization will mainly develop much more effective risk management strategy as compared to other organizations (Sweeting 2017). It is found that a joint effort was mainly utilized in the risk assessment which mainly included PPSLC which is a loan provider and Microsoft. In this joint venture the workers of Microsoft worked with PPSLC tech in order to resolve the security risk that th e organization is facing by utilizing proper risk management strategies. It is found that risk management strategies must be developed in the initial stage so that the risks as well as challenges associated with the organization can be resolved successfully. Effective risk management must be integrated with the various processes of the project so that any type of risk associated with the project can be easily identified at the initial stage. The other benefits of risk management are elaborated below: Better quality of data for decision making: It is found that with the help of risk management the senior leaders can be able to access proper quality of data which are quite helpful in enabling them to make proper decisions within the project (Cagliano, Grimaldi and Rafele 2015). Ability of accessing risk information in real time with the help of project management dashboards generally reflects that decisions are generally based on the latest data as well as information. Proper elevation of communication: Proper risk management generally elevates the conversation. It generally assists in creating proper point of discussion between the project team as well as various key senior stakeholders in order to prompt them to discuss on various difficult topics for dealing with potential causes of conflicts (Falkner and Hiebl 2015). Discussions on risk management generally helps in creating a positive working relationship with the various key personnels as their success is generally tied with the success of the project Setting proper expectation: By knowing that a risk can be properly managed generally helps in setting an expectation for achieving project success. With proper framework in place for delivering the known risks as well as open communication about the challenges of the project with the senior managers is quite helpful (Bellini and Di Bernardino 2017). It generally changes the entire team mindset. It is found that the expectation of success among the team members of the project generally assists in improving morale as well as productivity. Escalations are easier and clear: While dealing with risks, the project team needs to escalate the problem to the senior management in order to get proper action as well as advice from them. Clear process of risk management processes assists in making the escalations clear as well as easier. In addition to this, t is found that a defined procedure helpful in ensuring that risks are generally addressed as well as seen by the right people at right team for properly addressing a potential problem. Determining cost per day to crash each of the project activities Activity Immediate predecessors Normal time (Days) Crash time (Days) Normal cost (Rand) Crash Cost (Rand) Cost/Day for crash (Crash cost/Crash time) A --- 3 2 1400 2000 1000.00 B ---- 5 2 3000 4200 2100.00 C A 2 1 900 1300 1300.00 D A 4 2 1100 2500 1250.00 E A 2 1 400 900 900.00 F B 7 3 2300 3100 1033.33 G C,E 7 2 500 1100 550.00 H D,F 9 4 2200 3200 800.00 I G,H 5 3 2000 2400 800.00 Determine total time and cost involved which project duration can be reduced Activity Immediate predecessors Normal time (Days) Crash time (Days) Normal cost (Rand) Crash Cost (Rand) Time by which project can be reduced Cost by which project duration can be reduced A --- 3 2 1400 2000 1 500 B ---- 5 2 3000 4200 3 1200 C A 2 1 900 1300 1 400 D A 4 2 1100 2500 2 1400 E A 2 1 400 900 1 500 F B 7 3 2300 3100 4 700 G C,E 7 2 500 1100 5 600 H D,F 9 4 2200 3200 5 1000 I G,H 5 3 2000 2400 2 400 Total 43 13,800 23 17,500 The work breakdown structure is mainly defined as a work that is generally required for producing the product or deliverables of the project. It is generally represented as a hierarchical subdivision of a project within various work areas with lowest being the work package (Siami-Irdemoosa, Dindarloo and Sharifzadeh 2015). It is identified that for creating work breakdown structure for project, various approaches are generally utilized. The approaches in the development of work breakdown structureare listed below: Guidelines: The first technique that is generally used in order to create a work breakdown structure is by utilizing guidelines. Guidelines generally assists in providing content, form as well as project frameworks for meeting various project related standards within the organization. It is found that every organization have their own guidelines that are mainly used by them in order to create best possible outcome (Sharon and Dori 2015). It is very much significant to determine the past project documentation properly in order to design the work breakdown structure successfully. Analogy approach: Analogy approach is quite helpful in smaller project as this approach assists in tailoring the project successfully. Analogy approach is generally helpful in breaking down the project based on the experience (Zhang and Fan 2014). It is found that this technique generally utilizes a repository of WBS file that is generally worked for some similar type of project. The project manager can be able to review past projects WBS in order to create the new one as same method is followed in all projects. Top-down approach: Top-down approach that is utilized in order to develop a work breakdown structure helps in stating that in order to create a WBS, it is very much necessary to take the biggest task in the project and then break them down into number of manageable parts (Sandin and Berggren 2015). It generally needs much more logic as well as structure and it is mainly preferred method for creating work breakdown structure. This approach is generally helpful in identifying the solution first and then assists in dissecting it into number of smaller steps that is mainly needed in order to successfully implement the project. Bottom-up approach: This approach is one of the most straightforward methods for creating the WBS. In this approach, a specific task is generally picked and then it is completed successfully (Zecheru and Olaru 2016). This approach is generally considered as one of the ideal method that brainstorming a specific solution for the problem. The approach is mainly utilized by the team members of the project in order to identify as well as for listing activities of the project. Mind-mapping technique: This is considered as one of the most useful technique that is mainly used by most of the project specialist. In this particular approach, the tasks of the project are written in non-linear, branching format in order to create the WBS structure properly (Sequeira and Lopes 2015). It is found that there are number of mind-mapping tools that are available in the market, which can be utilized for creating work breakdown structure for the project. Furthermore, it is found that this approach generally allows drawing as well as writing pictures by using the different ideas in a non-liner format. Detailed outline report It is found that the project mainly focuses on the modification of desktop computers to light weight laptops development in order to ease portability. The project of product development steps as well as sequences is generally illustrated in order to explain the activities or actions that need to be performed during each phase of the project life cycle. It is stated by Snyder (2014) that project life cycle is a four step process that is mainly followed by all the project managers in order to execute the project successfully. The phases of the project life cycle mainly include: Conceptualization phase: Conceptualization phase is mainly considered as the initiation phase of the project. In this phase the project is mainly initiated and this step is mainly undertaken within the project in order to elaborate the needs as well as requirements of resources are services for completing the project successfully by the upper management of the organization (Kerzner and Kerzner 2017). It is identified that in this phase, the activities or processes that are generally undertaken includes development of business case, undertaking feasibility study, establishing project charter, as well as appoints the project team members so that the medication of desktop computers to light weight laptops development can be easily completed. Planning phase: The next phase of the project cycle is the planning phase, where the solution of the project is properly developed by providing necessary steps for meeting the objectives of the project. In this step, a team member generally identifies all the work that is required to be performed within the project in order to execute the project successfully (Mir and Pinnington 2014). The requirements, tasks as well as resources of the project are properly identified in this phase along with appropriate strategy for producing them. Proper project plan is created in the planning phase that mainly outlines various project tasks, activities, dependencies as well as timeframes. The project manager mainly involve in coordinating for creating the project budget by estimating costs that are mainly associated with equipment, labor as well as material costs (Snyder 2014). As per the theory of project management, budget costs are generally utilized for monitoring as well as controlling the ex penditure of the project during the development of the project. In addition to this, the project manager identifies steps that can pose threat to the project. Identification of risk generally assists them to create proper risk management plan so that the risks that occur within the organization can be easily resolved within the initial stage (Kerzner 2017). Planning phase is also considered as one of the proper step to identify all the stakeholders of the project in order to create a communication plan that will elaborate the information that is required for illustrating information that is needed for keeping the stakeholders of the project informed. Execution phase: During the execution phase, the project plan is mainly put into motion and the entire project work is mainly performed. It is considered as one of the important step for marinating control as well as communication that is generally needed during the execution phase of the project (Svejvig and Andersen 2015). The steps that are generally undertaken in this step mainly includes generating idea, analyzing market research and competitors, screening of ideas, concept development and testing, analysis of business strategy and development, product development, testing marketing, as well as commercialization (Joslin and Muller 2015). In this phase, progresses of the project is continuously monitored as well as adjusted as required in order to achieve the objectives of the project. The project manager generally utilizes information that is mainly reported during regular meetings. They generally utilize the information in order to maintain proper control over the project direc tion (De Carvalho, Patah and de Souza Bido 2015). The project stakeholders as well as sponsors must be kept updated with the status of the project as per agreed frequency as well as format of communication. The project management theory states that the status report that is created in execution phase must emphasize various types of anticipated points in context to schedule, cost as well as quality of the project deliverables (Marcelino-Sadaba et al. 2014). One all the deliverables of the project is produced then the accepted solution can be easily achieved. Termination phase: During the final closure of the project, proper emphasis is generally released on the final deliverables of the project. In this phase, the activities that are mainly undertaken include business termination, releasing project resources, communicating the closure of the project to all the stakeholders (Chih and Zwikael 2015). The last remaining step that is generally conducted for examining the project properly in order to make sure that all the activities of the project are properly undertaken and the entire project is successfully completed within the estimated time and budget. It is identified that the activities that are generally undertaken in each phase of the project life cycle for properly developing the light weight laptop is provided below: WBS Task Name 0 Development of light weight laptops 1 Initiation phase 1.1 Developing business case 1.2 Undertaking feasibility study 1.3 Establishing project charter 1.4 Appointing project team members 2 Planning phase 2.1 Creating project plan 2.2 Development of resource plan 2.3 Development of financial plan 2.4 Creating quality plan 2.5 Development of risk management plan 2.6 Development of communication plan 3 Execution phase 3.1 Idea generation 3.2 Market analysis 3.3 Idea screening 3.4 Concept development and testing 3.5 Business strategy analysis and development 3.6 Product development 3.7 Testing marketing 4 Commercialization 4.1 Closure phase 4.2 Business termination 4.3 Releasing project resources 4.4 communicating the closure 4.5 Post project review Bibliography Aldunce, P., Beilin, R., Howden, M. and Handmer, J., 2015. 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